In Masonic symbolism, what do rough ashlar and perfect ashlar represent?

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In Masonic symbolism, the ashlar represents personal development. A rough ashlar is an unshaped, rough-cut stone, standing for the candidate at the start—imperfect and in need of instruction, discipline, and virtue. A perfect ashlar, dressed and smooth, embodies the Mason who has been refined through study, initiation, and practice of moral qualities, fitting precisely for the work of the lodge and for life. The message is that the Craft aims to transform a person from roughness into a refined, reliable character, not to emphasize tools, wealth, or a specific office.